Psychosocially Therapeutic Aspects of The Old Man and the Sea by Heming

Psychosocially Therapeutic Aspects of The Old Man and the Sea by Hemingway This outstanding story ought to be utilized as a remedial guide for sad and discouraged individuals who required an amazing power for proceeding with battles of life against destiny. They should state as the kid Manolin, I'll bring the karma without anyone else. In the story the elderly person lets us know It is senseless not to hope...besides I trust it is a transgression. Hemingway draws a qualification between two unique sorts of achievement: external material and internal profound. While the elderly person does not have the previous, the significance of this need is overshadowed by his ownership of the later. He shows all individuals the triumph of inexhaustible soul over expendable assets. Hemingway's legend as a fussbudget man advises us: To take care of business is to carry on with respect and poise, not to surrender to misery, to acknowledge one's obligations without grumbling, and in particular to have most extreme restraint. Toward the finish of the story he makes reference to, A man isn't made for defeat...a man can be wrecked however not crushed. The book gets done with this emblematic sentence: The elderly person was dreaming about lions. It is a mental investigation of Hemingway renowned story that we have utilized it as a psychotherapeutic guide for miserable and discouraged individuals and furthermore mental survivors of war in an increasingly exhaustive remedial arrangement. The principal sentence of the book reports itself as Hemingway's: He was an elderly person who angled alone in a dinghy in the Gulf stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish . The words are plain, and the structure, two firmly worded autonomous provisos conjoined by a straightforward combination, is conventional, qualities which describe Hemingway's abstract style. Santiago is the hero of the novella. He is an old angler in Cuba who, when we meet him toward the start of the book, has not discovered anything for eighty-four days. The novella follows Santiago's mission for the extraordinary catch that will spare his profession. Santiago perseveres through an extraordinary battle with a phenomenally enormous and honorable marlin just to lose the fish to ravenous sharks on his way back to land. Regardless of this misfortune, Santiago closes the novel with his soul undefeated. Some have said that Santiago speaks to Hemingway himself, scanning for his next incredible book, an Everyman, gallant even with human catastrophe, or the Oedipal male oblivious attempting to kill his fat... ...meeting of the later. One approach to portray Santiago's story is as a triumph of inexhaustible soul over expendable material assets. As noted over, the attributes of such a soul are those of gallantry and masculinity. That Santiago can end the novella undefeated after consistently losing his well deserved, most important belonging is a demonstration of the privileging of internal accomplishment over external achievement. Triumph over pulverizing affliction is the core of courage, and all together for Santiago the angler to be a brave image for mankind, his tribulations must be amazing. Triumph, however, is rarely last. Hemingway vision of gallantry is Sisyphean, requiring nonstop work for quintessentially vaporous closures. What the legend does is to confront affliction with poise and beauty, subsequently Hemingway's Neo-Stoic accentuation on restraint and different features of his concept of masculinity. What we accomplish or fall flat at remotely isn't as critical to valor as the comporting ourselves with internal respectability. As Santiago says, Man isn't made for defeat....A man can be crushed yet not vanquished . Works Cited: Hemingway, Ernest (1952). The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Official Summary - Essay Example oxical upon close investigation by giving specific consideration to the development and advancement of the Smit Company which has some expertise in a scope of boat based administrations. A concise authentic diagram of the organization, established in 1842 by Fop Smit, shows that it has a history loaded up with numerous surprising accomplishments which were for the most part propelled by the company’s long-term trademark ‘any work, any sea’. For example in 1896, Smit was the principal organization on the planet to tow a boat dock abroad, from Rotterdam to Angola, despite the fact that there were no reasonable maritime towing boats accessible. All the more as of late, it raised the Japanese Vessel which had soaked in profound waters. Every one of these accomplishments bear declaration that the organization has a wonderful example of overcoming adversity in its tasks. In any case, what is dumbfounding for this situation is that the individuals who were answerable for running it had almost no enthusiasm for doing broad vital examination in their everyday tasks. It very well may be noticed that from 1921 to 1980, the period the organization was controlled by two individuals from the Smit family, first Murk Lels and afterward Piet Kleyn van Willigen, it saw consistent, rewarding development from capacity to control. In spite of the fact that these had a solid innovative streak, they didn't widely put resources into key investigations. In their own view, business was in every case conceivably worthwhile when it guaranteed critical deals. They were inspired by the enterprising demeanor of ‘get up and go’ which has been the central point driving the development of Smith all through a large portion of the twentieth century, driving the organization to enter numerous new outside business sectors and new lines of business. This is in opposition to the generally held conviction during the contemporary occasions that it is critical to initially do a vital examination of the market to decide whether the business would be gainful later on. A vital examination would include setting up the capability of the business. This would contemplate the qualities and shortcomings of another market. After the last

What Scammers and Fraudsters Can Teach You About Selling The Future

What Scammers and Fraudsters Can Teach You About Selling The Future © Shutterstock.com | Sunny studioTwentieth-century Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw once said, “The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place.” He is still right. And it’s an especially big problem for those of us tasked with communicating the future. Yet with a little more forethought it’s entirely possible to persuade a person to buy into something that’s beyond what they can currently imagine. Or even to convince them to set aside today’s “firefighting” to better appreciate the challenges and opportunities of tomorrow.It all boils down to an understanding of human nature. Not least an appreciation of how strongly we’re influenced by those pervasive and largely unconscious mental maps psychologists call “cognitive biases.” Ironically, this is something that the most deviant and devious elements in societyâ€"scammers and fraudsters in particularâ€"are very adept at manipulating.As the authors of Deviant Globalization: Black Market Economy in the 21st Century (Bloomsbury Academic, 2011) point out, those who engage in illicit activities have shown themselves to be initiative taking, innovative, and influential entrepreneurs. People who are extremely adept at shaping and influencing a particular kind of future; something many pro-social people could learn from.Consider Brexit, for example. It became clear once the votes were counted that the outcome was unanticipated by both sides of the political divide. Yet would we not expect politicians â€" even if those unfamiliar with the concept of scenario planning â€" to have thought about and prepared for a range of possible outcomes? Because the future, while often spoken of as singular, is â€" by its very nature â€" a plurality.   And number of things could happen. Yet the Stay camp appeared shell-shocked when a majority of UK voters chose to leave the European Union, and the Leave camp were similarly blindsided and unprepared for what needed to happen n ext. Neither side showed sufficient foresight.A similar lack of forward thinking seems to pervade business life, even at the highest levels. A recent survey of C-level executives across a number of countries, including the U.S. and U.K., demonstrated the alarming chasm between how vulnerable most companies are to cyber attacks and how vulnerable they believe themselves to be.This led Chief Executive magazine to suggest that CEOs, “aren’t taking cyber attacks seriously enough â€" and aren’t prepared for the public fallout when they occur.” In other words, senior leaders can’t even sell the future to themselves, preferring to take a head-in-the-sand perspective as to what might happen when cybercriminals come calling.An inability to sell the future is not only a challenge for politicians, businesspeople or even professional futurists. It also affects entrepreneurs. For our book, FOUND: Transforming Your Unlimited Ideas into One Sustainable Business (Bloomsbury, 2016), serial entrepreneur Naveen Lakkur and I invited the CEO of the Founder Institute to write the foreword.Adeo Ressi pointed out that, “Only about four out of every 1,000 startups founded each year create a global impact.” Which speaks to another inability to communicate the future. One where entrepreneurs fail to anticipate what their target market really needs and wants or are unable to persuade them that this future solution is attractive enough to buy into.LESSONS FROM A SUPER-SCAMMERYet consider this. Like contemporary fraudsters such as Bernie Madoff, an early 19th century scammer called Gregor McGregor successfully conned hundreds of people in Scotland and France out of the equivalent, in today’s terms, of $5 billion. Yes, five billion dollars, from roughly 1821 to the mid-1830s. The Economist has dubbed McGregor the “greatest confidence trickster of all time.” And he achieved this dubious accolade by convincing people to invest in and even emigrate to a fictitious country h e called Poyais.Which begs the question, how can fraudsters like McGregor sell a fake future, when in most cases the rest of us can’t sell viable ones? More to the point, what is it that these scammers know or do that convinces others to buy into something they can’t see, touch, smell, taste or hear?That question, ironically enough, points us in the right direction of a solution to this challenge.But, first, a little more about McGregor’s scam. Because his story is pertinent to helping you discover that solution for yourself.By all accounts, Mr. McGregor was a bit of a “dandy,” someone who likes to dress up and even affects some exaggerated style choices. In McGregor’s case this was the walking cane he liked to strut around with, and the cigars he loved to puff upon while still wearing his military uniform.A former officer in the British Army, McGregor had fought in the Venezuelan War of Independence, among others. It was presumably his adventures in South and Central Am erica that gave rise to his duplicitous idea. Because when he returned to Scotland in 1821, McGregor announced that he was to be called “Cazique” or the prince of a paradise named Poyais, part of modern-day Honduras.Bear in mind that the people he conned were fellow Scots living in a cold, damp country eating a diet largely limited to oats, root vegetables, some dairy, fish if you lived near the coast, otherwise mutton or lamb. Imagine how his countrymen felt when McGregor began to describe the plentiful fresh exotic, juicy fruits that literally dropped into your hand as you pulled them off the trees in Poyais; the three annual harvests (in Scotland they were lucky if they had two); the forest full of game; the nuggets of gold that could be found in the sparkling rivers, full of fresh clean water.And, for those who might be concerned with their safety, McGregor reassured them as to the friendly and helpful tribes people.   Thanks to the presence of the British military in the re gion, they had learned to speak English and loved to be around Brits.This was a time some years after the Napoleonic Wars, which Britain had won, when people were in an upbeat mood yet somewhat restless. Many were disappointed by how little money they were making from their existing investments in government bonds. So when Gregor McGregor came along, relating the once-in-a-lifetime opportunity presented in Poyais, he found no shortage of people interested to learn more about the bonds he was selling, which he said were paying twice the rate of those in the U.K., and to purchase tracts of Poyais land. Because, as McGregor was at pains to point out, unlike England, Scotland didn’t have any colonies to call her own. Presumably this made the proud Scots eager to populate this part of Central America and build a legacy for their children and grandchildren.Two final details are relevant to this story. For those still skeptical of his story, McGregor pointed to a book he had for sale, wr itten by an eminent doctor named Thomas Strangeways. This medical man also described Poyais in glowing terms, and offered an objective, third party perspective on the matter.Meanwhile, McGregor reinforced the fact that there was a mere 8 million acres of land available (roughly equivalent to Maryland, Delaware and Rhode Island combined). Once the smartest, most savvy investors got wind of this wonderful opportunity â€" you can almost hear McGregor say â€" then it would get snapped up in a flash. Those laggards that didn’t jump at the chance would undoubtedly regret missing out, especially once they heard what an amazing future their fellow countrymen had secured for themselves.Having set that context, let’s look at what Gregor McGregor did so successfully to sell a future life in the fictitious country of Poyais. In particular, to review that story through the lens of cognitive biases. The first of which you may be experiencing right now â€" unwittingly â€" as you think to yours elf, “I would never have fallen for an obvious scam like that.”Few of us believe we would, because of what psychologists call “hindsight bias,” or the “I-knew-it-all-along effect.” One of the tricks the mind often plays on us is to forget that there’s a huge difference between someone hearing a story like McGregor’s for the first time, and being told it after the event when the full, sorry facts known.The truth is that when the first ships landed on the coast of Honduras, full of eager land purchasers and other émigrés, they found nothing like the attractive future that McGregor had brought alive for these people. The area of land they had “bought” was a mosquito-infested wasteland with no food and no water safe to drink.While the settlers tried to make a go of it, most of them either died of disease or drowned in small boats trying to find fresh water and land where things might grow.   The dream of living in paradise turned out to be a nightmare.In this Googl e Talk you can find some helpful insights into the science of persuasion. BUILDING ON COGNITIVE BIASThe following are eight different cognitive biases that Gregor McGregor used to “sell” his version of the future to the Scots. After offering a brief definition of each, and relating them to the Poyais story, there are suggestions for how they can be employed by communicators today.Attentional BiasAttentional Bias: The tendency for people to pay attention to things they are already thinking about, or tend to think about a lot.By tapping into his audience’s existing discontent â€" with the weather, the fact that government bonds were paying minimal returns, even the restlessness that sets in, perhaps, after the excitement of hearing about the military campaigns that defeated Napoleon â€" McGregor was able to speak to their emotional needs and concerns.  What this means for modern-day communicators of future outcomes is the importance of tying the message to whatever it is keepin g a target audience awake at night. This is especially important given the influence of the next bias.Hyperbolic DiscountingHyperbolic Discounting: This term, often used by economists, means that people tend to favor whatever is going on in the present over what may happen in the distant future.McGregor’s genius was in creating a very concrete bridge between the present and the future. He achieved this by speaking to every level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (over 120 years before psychologist Abraham Maslow developed his theory of psychological health):Basic needs like food, water, and security (as in the three annual harvests, fresh streams, and the friendly natives);Psychological needs such as belonging and esteem (how wonderful it would be for Scots to populate Poyais and for it to be regarded a Scottish colony);Self-fulfillment needs like leaving a legacy by purchasing a piece of paradise, to be further developed by one’s children and their children.Again, when communica ting future outcomes that may not even realize they want, it is vital to speak to as many of the audience’s subconscious needs, rather than do what so many do and bombard them with facts and figures and abstract concepts. Which segues neatly into the next mental blind spot:The Picture Superiority EffectThe Picture Superiority Effect: This refers to the way in which we tend to remember pictures and images more than words.Photography was yet to be invented when McGregor first began perpetrating his scam. But he didn’t need to fill his written prospectuses with pictures. All he had to do was to communicate a future in Poyais in a way that painted pictures in people’s heads. Describing the juiciness of the exotics fruits to be found there, the abundant game in the forests that could be shot almost without effort on the part of the hunter…all of these conjure up an image of the Poyais people could easily envision and therefore make real to themselves.This speaks to an important i nsight that all communicators should realize: People will do a better job of convincing themselves and buy into their imagined future, than you will ever do. You just have to provide them with the right elements, such as vivid descriptions of the many benefits and the “why.” Advantages that they can share, through the next bias:Bandwagon EffectBandwagon Effect: Alternative descriptions for this particular bias range from “social proof” to “sheeple.” In other words, people tend to follow the actions of others.Once McGregor had persuaded his first few investors, it would have been relatively simple for him to leverage the bandwagon effect by ensuring they recommended his bonds and land purchase to their friends and family. All McGregor had to do was to point out how many people were already on board.We outlined the value of the “bandwagon” approach to entrepreneurs in our book FOUND (an acronym for my co-author Naveen Lakkur’s five-step process that’s been proven t o help founders significantly increase their chances of creating successful, sustainable enterprises). Under N, for Negotiate, Naveen talks about the importance of securing early customers.In the context of our book, this is presented as a way for entrepreneurs to validate their ideas, as well as fine-tune them. That way they don’t spend the time, effort and expense of a major rollout only to find that no one is interested. Anyone that is looking to secure support for their idea, revolutionary prototype or service needs to identify and concentrate on those people most likely to buy-in early on. The more influential they are, the better.As I continually tell the clients that work with me to write books, it’s much easier to sell to one person that is already having a conversation with, and is trusted by, hundreds or thousands of people, than to try and reach all of those people individually yourself.Yet how much trust others are likely to place in you should not be overlooked eith er. Which brings us to the next three biases to bear in mind:Halo EffectHalo Effect: Given its name by psychologist Edward Thorndike, this describes how we are unconsciously predisposed to trust people and consider them in higher esteem (i.e., as if they have a halo over their heads), based on certain physical characteristics and personal traits.In McGregor’s case, the fact that he was former military â€" and strutted around still wearing his uniform, along with a walking cane, smoking cigars â€" gave people the impression that he was a high status individual. Who could be more trustworthy than someone who would have given his life for his country, after all? (This was still several years before the first police force was formed in London.)The fact that McGregor was so well-traveled and had first-hand knowledge of both South and Central America, are two further reasons why most people would have seen an imaginary halo over McGregor’s head as he was regaling them with stories abo ut fictitious Poyais.This stresses the importance of taking advantage of the way our brains automatically respond to certain cues, such as the way we make judgments about trustworthiness, as outlined by recent findings in the Journal of Neuroscience.Little can be done about how tall you are (short of wearing high-heeled or “elevator” shoes), or how attractive. But they way we present ourselves â€" well dressed and with confidence, as Gregor McGregor certainly did â€" can unconsciously sway people into listening more to what you have to tell them. And being favorably persuaded.If you are at all concerned about your ability to do that, you could always try this next bias, which McGregor used to good (but characteristically dubious) effect.Authority BiasAuthority Bias: As much as we might view established institutions with greater skepticism today, human beings still retain a deep-seated bias for believing what authorities and experts tell us. Especially if they fall into certain c redentialed categories like university professors and Ph.D.s, medical doctors, and scientists to name a few.Remember how McGregor told his investors about a book written by a medical doctor, describing the wonders of Poyais? The name of this author was Dr. Thomas Strangeways â€" the pseudonym McGregor used when he wrote and published this book himself. This is how he further duped people into believing that there was reputable, third-party evidence backing his story.No one in their right mind would wish to do something as duplicitous as that today. However, authority bias points to the need to either find an influential authority figure to support your idea and message, or to engage in sufficient research that will support your argument.One of the tips I give to the aspiring authors that work with me to publish thought-leading books is to remember to include the four Es when writing each chapter: Explain the concept simply and concisely; provide sufficient Examples; draw from third party Evidence to support your assertions, and provide Empowerment so the reader knows what to do next and how the material can be practically applied.The next, penultimate, bias also speaks to the importance of interpersonal dynamics.In-group BiasIn-group Bias: We tend to show favoritism to others that we consider are like ourselves, who belong to some kind of kinship or “in” group.Gregor McGregor had to flee Scotland when the details of his scam became public knowledge. But it’s not as if he learned his lesson because all he did when he reached France was to try his deception on the French. His duplicity was discovered more quickly over there, however, largely I imagine because he was an outsider.In his home country, having a Scottish accent and with the surname McGregor â€" a clan made famous by folk hero, Rob Roy McGregor, otherwise known as the “Scottish Robin Hood” â€" Gregor benefited from in-group bias. This was not something he could rely on as much in France, eve n though the two countries had long enjoyed an “Auld Alliance” against their common enemy, the English.Today, people are still motivated by a sense of belonging. It’s the reason we create off- and online communities with people that share the same or similar interests and values. If you can find some kind of commonality with whomever you are trying to communicate with, that will go a long way to increasing the chances that your message will be received favorably.But what about the other person’s sense of risk? The final bias addresses that.The Framing EffectThe Framing Effect: As rational as we all like to think we are, the way a problem or suggestion is framed â€" as positive (a gain) or negative (a potential loss) influences the extent to which we make risky decisions.Gregor McGregor hedged his bets by taking advantage of both of these aspects of the framing effect. By presenting a highly positive frame in his descriptions of Poyais and the paradise that people would find there, he manipulated other’s willingness to take a risk and buy into his scheme. By stressing that there was a limited amount of land to invest in, and it was being snapped up fast by the more astute and adventurous investors, he introduced a negative (possible loss) frame, thereby spurring people to take greater risks than might otherwise be the case.Similarly, when it comes to seeking buy in for a future-focused outcome, it’s important to point out the benefits of going ahead. But also what your audience is likely to miss out on (lose) if they don’t.Again, there are so many cognitive biases you need to be aware of.[slideshare id=3892845doc=cognitivebiases-avisualstudyguidebytheroyalsocietyofaccountplanning-100428224646-phpapp01w=710h=400]DON’T IGNORE YOUR BIASESNot being aware of our own cognitive biases is one of the biggest impediments to leading people into the future. Arguably the most pervasive is the Curse of Knowledge. As a visionary and innovator you need to be aw are that you don’t think or act like most people.In fact, Rogers’ Innovation Adoption Curve (see Figure 1) illustrates what a small percentage of people willingly embrace a new, different and paradigm-shifting idea: something like 16%. Then there’s the “chasm,” the communication gap you must breach before getting through to the other 84% of the population that are pragmatists, conservatives and skeptics. © Flickr | Bryan MathersSpeaking to your target market as if you would another visionary isn’t going to work. It’s like talking Swahili to an English-only audience, expecting them to understand you. Generally speaking, most people aren’t as excited by the technology behind an idea as they are being sold on what’s in it for them.Pioneer Clarence Birdseye had to overcome that problem â€" although it took him a little while to figure it out.You may recognize Birdseye as the inventor of the “quick-freeze” method â€" one that ensured fruits and vegetables that were frozen commercially maintained their texture and were as flavorful as when picked straight from the garden. Legend has it that Birdseye learned this “flash freeze” technique from the Inuits in Newfoundland.Their technique of using ice, wind and sub-zero temperatures in the Arctic to quickly freeze fish resulted in their catches remaining as tasty and flaky after being cooked as they would have, cooked from fres h. Commercial freezing methods at the beginning of the 20th century took 18 hours, during which time the large ice crystals that formed damaged the cellular structure, causing the food to end up mushy and tasteless after cooking.Despite his technological success, Birdseye was unable to persuade grocers or housewives to purchase his frozen products. So much so, that the company he worked with went broke. But, believing he had a hit on his hands, Birdseye persisted. After his next company got underway, they smartly devised a major advertising campaign that told the compelling story of “frosted foods.”Consider how the following early Birdseye advertising slogans address a number of the cognitive biases outlined earlier:“Raspberries in winter; June peas in March” : Speaks to housewives’ discontent with the fact that they couldn’t (until now) enjoy their favorite fruits and vegetables all year round. (Attentional Bias.)“How to pick cornâ€"real, farm-fresh CORNâ€"during Lent !” :   Notice how the words “farm-fresh” and the reference to “picking” conjure up certain pictures of corn that tastes as good as if you had just harvested it yourself. (Picture Superiority Effect.)“Modern food for modern living.” : Who would NOT want to be considered modern? (In-group Bias.)And the Bandwagon Effect takes care of the rest.Plenty of people have shown themselves to be highly gifted at persuading people to buy into the future, or take a risk with an innovative idea or product. Not all of them, thankfully, are criminals. But as reprehensible as the likes of Gregor McGregor and his present-day scammers might be, there is a lot we can learn from them.Always bear in mind the following two lessons when looking to sell a future solution to others:Address your own cognitive biases or mental blind spots and don’t assume that your audience will be as excited by your ideas, especially not for the same reasons you are. AndBe aware of other people’s cognitive bi ases and learn how to make them work for you, rather than against you. Note least, be sure to bring the future alive to those that would benefit most from your ideas and vision of a better future.Liz Alexander, Ph.D. Co-founder, Leading Thought  and DrLizAlexander.com

Racism A Theological Reflection - 1580 Words

Racism: A Theological Reflection Racism is a persistent issue directly threatening the values and teachings of Catholic theology and humanities advancement towards unity and peace. A destructive ideology such as racism debunks the entire foundation from which Catholicism is built. Catholicism follows the life and teachings of Jesus and the idea of solidarity, one of seven principals of Catholic Social Teaching; preaching for a single human family despite any national, racial, ethnic, economic, or ideological differences. Accepting or remaining silent when presented with an act of racial discrimination is equally as damaging as committing the act itself, as it contributes to an environment tolerant of racial prejudices. The Catholic church and its followers have a duty to acknowledge racism to its fullest extent and provide resolution. Through a collective stance against racism between the Catholic establishment and society while simultaneously providing education on the issue with realistic solutions, a progressed c ultural environment can ultimately be developed that is reluctant to condone racism and all associated ideologies, utilizing peace, unity, and Catholic values as its foundational core. Racial discrimination and prejudices are not to be mistaken as mere personal opinions or human nature, as its existence infringes upon the entire position and teachings of the Catholic church and is in complete violation of God’s will, which is ultimately the purpose of humanity.Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing Black Liberation Theology, Latin American Liberation Theology, and Feminist Theology1371 Words   |  6 Pagesmain principles: it recognizes the call for liberation from any form of oppression economic, political, and social: second, it says that theology must grow from the basic Christian communities and not from above. 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Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Teen...

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Tenn Parents The American Public never loved social welfare programs, but it did not necessarily want them dismantled. In fact, by the early 1990s, nearly 50 percent of all households drew on government benefits from Food stamps to social security to mortgage interest tax deductions. To convince the public that it stood to gain from smaller government and weaker social programs, the reformers had to undermine the longstanding belief that government should play a large role in society. Abramovitz (1996) suggest that Civil rights gains were called reverse discrimination and the victories of the women’s and gay rights movement were seen as a threat to â€Å"family values.† Having set†¦show more content†¦The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act also shifted the spotlight of welfare from family maintenance through government-supported financial assistance to family economic self-sufficiency through paid employment. This federal welfare reform policy known as TANF encourages employment and personal responsibility by mandating states to provide financial benefits to families on a temporary basis, having recipients participate in a work requirement while receiving aid, and providing incentives for recipients to transition off welfare. The programs name indicated its purpose and the social message to the recipient. Under federal law, families are required to: (1) Work after two years on financial assistance, (2) Adhere to particular behavioral criteria in order to continue receiving benefits, and (3) Only be eligible for aid for up to five years. The state’s new approach to welfare replaced AFDC program with the California Work Opportunities and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) program. CalWORKs consist of a cash aid component and a CalWORKs Welfare-to-Work program. 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The Separation of Human Intelligence from Artificial...

The question of what it means to be human, and what might separate human intelligence from artificial intelligence, has never been more important, because humanity is rapidly approaching the point where technological development will allow the creation of genuinely creative thinking machines. Philosophers, scientists, and even fiction authors have grappled with the ethical implications of this possibility, but many of the ethical quandaries faced by these thinkers are predicated upon a misguided conception of what it means to be human in the first place. By examining the role of metaphors in cognition, what it means to be human, the non-existence of the so-called mind-body problem, and the somewhat surprising lack of a distinction between human and artificial intelligence, it will be possible to demonstrate that the ethical issues concerning the creation of thinking machines are no different than those concerning the conception of a human child, and furthermore, that there might even be a kind of ethical imperative for humans to create and nurture artificial intelligence in the future. To begin this study, it necessary to discuss certain elements of human cognition that have, in the past, led philosophers to imagine that human intelligence represents something special, unique, or otherwise distinct from other forms of intelligence, but which actually reveal that human intelligence is nothing more than the product of evolution, along with every living thing humans haveShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Spiritual Machines1299 Words   |  6 Pagesbook The Age of Spiritual Machines, explores how advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in the 21st century will benefit mankind as human lives integrate with machines. Though released much later, in 2013, the film Her reflects many similar ideas as those presented by Kurzweil regarding the future of artificial intelligence. The film is set in the mid-21st century and highlights the rapid advancements of artificial intell igence. 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1. Topic Essay Example For Students

1. Topic Essay The report is about the difficulties based on cultural differences marketers and advertising agents have to deal with when setting up an advertising campaign. 2. IntroductionThe research report will try to show what are the main problems marketers are confronted with when they set up an advertising campaign for the world markets. It is not the goal of the essay to find new approaches to avoid expensive mistakes connected with the wrong advertising campaign. It rather should show with examples where global companies have made mistakes in the past, what the consequences were and should show what companies do and did to avoid such embarrassing mistakes and maybe where the changes in avoiding those mistakes are. The methods chosen by the companies or advertising agencies to avoid marketing mistakes should be found out by a questionnaire, which will be sent to the biggest advertising agencies in New Zealand via email. It is expected that they all use similar approaches when shaping and converting campaigns for the target markets. The topic of the report has been an increasing factor when designing international marketing strategies in recent years and will become more important in the next millennium. The reasons are a world, which moves up tighter together depending on the fast development of new technologies, which allows us to communicate with nearly every part of the world everytime. To avoid irritations based on cultural differences we have to know the cross-cultural differences. Another not less important factor is the many mergers in the last years, which lead to an increasing number of global players, which enter the global markets with their marketing strategies. To create the right mix they have to spend time on studying the differences in consumer behaviour based on cultural differences before creating a marketing strategy. 3. Problem StatementWhere are the limits of setting up an advertising campaign concerning the different consumer behaviour based on cultural differences? How do marketers shape and convert existing advertising campaigns for target markets. What do they do to avoid marketing mistakes caused by brand names, which might be misunderstood? Which parts of culture affect the work of marketers mainly? Where do markets exist where one advertising campaign and the same brand name do not cause a problem because of a similar consumer behaviour? Which are the markets where the marketers have to change their campaigns at the most because of the large differences in culture to other markets?4. Literature ReviewMany theories exist which deal with the topic. And also much research has been done to prove these theories. But only few authors have been able to develop strategies or solutions, which use the acknowledgements granted by the research. The reason might be that the universal strategy that fits for all problems caused by cultural differences does not exist. To find out something about the limits of cross-cultural advertising it is necessary to know how marketing and culture are linked and what belongs to culture. In the research report culture should include language, as a key to its culture, non-verbal communication, religion, time, space colour, numbers and food preferences. All these elements are included in an advertising campaign and can cause expensive mistakes when marketers do not consider the differences when creating for example an commercial. Another very important fact, which has to be considered, is that high- and low-context cultures exist. Many authors have written about this topic. One of the firsts who mentioned this in connection with global marketing was Wells (1987, cited in Martenson 1989). He presumed that high- and low-context cultures exist and that this should be considered when setting up an advertising campaign. His assumption was confirmed by a research by Rita Martenson (1989). She tested 239 people who belonged to five cultural groups with different grades of context-levels. The outcome supported clearly Wells proposition that high-context cultures get more information from non-verbal communication instruments than people, which belong to a low context culture. The Bill of Rights Essay(ii) ProceduresThe information is attempted to be collected with a questionnaire, which will be sent via email to the target group mentioned above. First I will introduce myself and show them the reason why they are asked to answer the following questionnaire. The email will also offer them a copy of the report if they are interested in it. This should motivate the companies to reply to the questionnaire. The first five questions should try to find out how deep the subject is involved in cross cultural marketing / advertising, so that the ones which are not or only less involved can be sorted out because they are not relevant for the research. The following questions are created in an open style so that the subject has to write down his individual experiences with the topic. That should try to facilitate a comparison is possible later on. The last question is voluntary and should collect examples of marketing mistakes, which can be used in the report. (iii) MaterialsThe only material, which is used to make the questionnaire possible, is the email facilities at Massey University. 6. Method of AnalysisThe results of the questionnaire should be compared. Similarities and differences will be analysed. The analyse will be using a qualitative approach because the questions, especially the last ones are very in depth and do not allow a quantitative analyse. Maybe it will be possible to find out that there exist different approaches on certain kind of markets to avoid marketing mistakes. It is expected that there will be the same main problems and the same parts of culture, which affect the marketers work. The companies who are not or only less involved in cross-cultural advertising/marketing will not be included in the analyse because their answers are baseed on theoretical experiences. 7. Recommendations or Practical OutcomeThe report will come to a conclusion as it connects the already known theories mentioned above (point 4) with the practical experiences of the companies, found out by the questionnaire. It might not be possible to draw up some recommendations but maybe it will be possible to show a change of dealing with cross cultural problems and based on that change their might be a possibility to show some interesting ways, which will affect that field in the future. BibliographyReference List:Herbig, P. A. (1998).Handbook of Cross Cultural Marketing. New York, London: The International Business Press. Martenson, R. (1989). International Advertising in Cross-Cultural Environments. In Kaynak, E. (Ed.).(1993). The Global Business: Four Key Marketing Strategies. New York, London, Norwood: The International Business Press. Bibliography:Bamossy, G.J. Costa J.A. (Eds.).(1995). Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Cultural Identity. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications. Brook, M.Z. (1996): International Management: A Review of Strategies and Operations. Cheltingham: Stanley Thornes Ltd. Coscum Samli, A. (1995). International Consumer Behaviour: Its Impact on Marketing Strategy Development. Westport, London: Quorum Books. Euglis, B.E. (1994). Global and Multinational Advertising. Hillsdale, Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mooij, M. de (1998). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Internal capabilities and core competencies free essay sample

The importance of efficiency particularly in running a business provides a major opportunity for Singapore Airlines (SIA) to successfully deliver optimum value to its customers. According to Lacar(2009),SIA introduced ground-breaking in-flight services with relation to the latest technological advancements. For example,the innovative Raffles Class Space-Bed which provides passengers the ultimate luxury and comfort in their travelling experience (Anon, 2005). In addition, SIA provides services such as in-flight movies and superior food. SIA flight attendant, Singapore Girl is personification of Asian values and hospitality described as an icon that links SIA’s commitment to service excellence (Hasan, 2009). These activities correspond with the highly skilled management team in terms of formulating effective marketing strategies. 1.2 Aircraft fleets Continuous introductions of aircrafts are conducted by Singapore Airlines, with the assistance of rapid technological advancements, SIA managed to introduce new aircrafts with a larger passenger capacity and also implement fuel-efficient technology (Lacar, 2009). In fact, SIA was the largest operators of the Boeing 777 in the year 2005 which implies that the internal capabilities of SIA on being able to introduce the most updated models of aircraft is a major factor for the success of SIA despite being overtaken by Emirates Airlines in 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal capabilities and core competencies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is an indication that SIA are capable of being one of the leaders in the airline industry due to continuous improvements. 1.3 Information technology Information technology and effective communications lead to the enhancement of customer services, particularly in terms of improving the efficiency especially due to the fact that the airline industry is a service industry. According to Singapore Airlines (2012), the introduction of the In-Flight connectivity allowed SIA to take advantage of the IT industry to bring internet and mobile data services. Doganis (2006) states that the use of IT can reduce operating costs such as the introduction of online booking and check-in services reduces the need for customers to book via a travel agent which would be more costly as SIA’s website is regarded as one of the most user-friendly and advanced websites in the airline industry. 1.4 Market Potential Singapore Airlines has managed to grow into one of the leading airline carriers in the world (Lacar, 2009). SIA’s reputation has been greatly enhanced due to its continuous innovations and numerous core competencies despite facing the challenges. SIA possesses a strong position particularly in Asia and ‘Kangaroo Routes’ (Singapore Business Review, 2013). There is a strong market potential particularly in emerging countries such as India and China. The CEO of Singapore Airlines has mentioned that the firm open to investment opportunities especially in India due to the numerous world class airports that are evident in India which could prove to be a second hub for flights to European countries (Phillip, 2013). Despite failing twice in the Indian market in 1970 and 2001, India is seen as one of the most potentially lucrative markets in the world. In terms of the US market, due to the dropping of non-stop flights, SIA’s total capacity in the US market are estimated to drop by 16% to about 22,000 weekly seats (CAPA, 2013). 1.5 Market Opportunities Due to the strong market potential in the emerging countries particularly India and China, there are major opportunities for SIA to increase its flight destinations. Phillip (2013) states that the market in India is relatively more open to foreign investment in recent years and may prove to be an instrumental factor for SIA to seize this opportunity to undergo expansion. Besides opportunities to implement new technology advancements to increase customer experience, there is a largely untapped ‘secret weapon’ in terms of investing in the low-cost airline market (Lacar, 2009). 1.6 Competitive Situation In 2006, SIA became the airline with the highest stock market value in the world. However, due to rapid competition particularly from Middle Eastern airline companies such as Emirates and Etihad, SIA experienced a major 12% fall in passenger count since 2008 (Fickling, 2012). SIA faces more challenges as Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airways expand their central hubs and are able to win premium passengers with improved front-cabin service (Tsang, 2013a). Intense competition can be observed nowadays particularly due to the increase of low cost airlines obtains an ever increasing market share in the aviation industry. 2.0 Identification of Problems and Issues 2.1 Problems and Issues 2.1.1 Brand Identity Singapore Airlines has well known with its identity of premium brand.According to IATA,premium traffic grew by 2.9% for the first 5 months of 2013, against a 4.3% growth in overall passenger traffic (Tsang, 2013b). The figure shows company lose considerable market position and recognised could not continue to Asia budget airline market over the past four years (Tsang, 2013a). 2.1.2 Operating Loss Singapore Airlines faces a challenging and unpredictable operating environment with instability in economic climate in the Eurozone and sluggish recover in United States. Furthermore, fuel prices remain persistently high. Singapore Airline’s operating loss widened to a $214.2 million after-tax loss represent 375% deterioration over the $121.8 million net profit (Tsang, 2013b).Passenger yieldfell to 11.1 Singapore cents per RPK in FY13/14 first-quarter.The cargo business faces an issue of overcapacity in the marketwhich will add pressure onloads and yields (CAPA, 2013). 2.1.3 Intense Competition The airline has been criticised for an alleged lack of strategic vision and intensifying competition in the market. The new trend of changing landscape marked by the growth of low-budget carrier and premium long-haul market,primarily from Middle Eastern carriers underminedpremium yield of Singapore Airlines. 2.2 Strategic Alternatives Singapore Airline should implement campaign activity to re-branding their strategyto launch premium economy class in growing emerging economies.The proposed strategy will minimise the risk of low demand of first-class seats and maximise revenue of the lower end market. As the wealthy population increases in emerging market. Another approach of SIAopportunities in forging close partnership with India. It would avoid the high fuel costs and intensifies of low fares competition.While the overall Asia market is growing, SIA must exploit the full potential of the market and equity stakes in airlines. 3.0 Strategic Gap The competition continues to intensify and the product gapSIA enjoyed for several years over competitors has narrowed significantly and unprofitable. SIA has perceived as leader in stylish innovation in the past few years, usurped as the world’s best premium airline. However, there is a deterioration of product challenged by image issue and customer’s expectations that frequently copied by competitors.Numerous core competencies like in-flight service, aircraft fleets, and efficient information techonology has provided convenient to the current passengers, however customer has higher expectation each day. It increased along with the expansion of Emirates and Qatar as centrally located hubs and switched passengers attracted to its improved front-cabin service (Tsang, 2013a). To bridging the gap, SIA should respond to demand of renewal the current facilities, new service ideas or partnership within the next 5 years. Company can successfully close the competitive gap with the renewal of business demands to stay ahead of competitors. 4.0 Customer or Buyer Targets Based on the proposed strategies, Singapore Airlines can target customers such as professionals, white collared and businessman who are travel frequently to other countries for their business meetings or visits. They are more conscious on service quality and price. Other than that, it can focus on few markets such as countries in Asia Pacific region such as India and China as these are emerging countries with high purchasing power parity since their level of middle income class is increasing day by day due to their fast growing economy. These emerging counties has a large population which enable Singapore Airlines to gain market share by entering these markets and become market leader in these regions by joint venture or alliance with local airlines company. 5.0 Competitive Situation and Competitior Profile 5.1 Competitor Profile Although Singapore Airlines has a few significant competitors that provide similar service and cheaper air fares around the world (Morningstar, 2005). The key rivals of Singapore Airlines can be categorized into Middle East carriers and Asian low-cost carriers. Middle East carriers Singapore Air faces challenging competition from Emirates Airline and Qatar Airways on Europe-Asia routes which are known as â€Å"Kangaroo Route† between Europe and Oceania as both competitors expand their more centrally located hubs and win premium passengers with improved front-cabin service (Fickling, 2012). Middle East carriers are more focus on the quality such as Emirates and Qataras they invest millions in upgrading lounges and enhancing services (CNBC, 2013). Also, Qantas Airways and Emirates are forming an alliance that opens up the Australian firm’s domestic network of more than 50 destinations to the Dubai-based airline. Asian low-cost carriers Low-fare airlines accounted 30 percent of seat capacity at Singapore low-cost carriers that are focus on price sensitivity competition such as Air Asia and Jetstar targeted regional and economy travelers as their customers by offering fares that are cheaper up to four times than SIA’s fares (Park,2013). Air Asia’s cut-rate pricing on Southeast Asian routes and the emergence of new rivals such as the Lion Air group from Indonesia increase the intensity of competition among airlines industry. 5.2 Competitive Situation As now population of emerging countries’ income level is moving to middle class, the demand for premium economy class will increase compare to economy class. The weak global economic performance boosted the emerging markets with the strongest growth in Africa, Latin America, and Middle East (Onyango, 2013). For instance, Cathay Pacific and Qantas offer customers premium economy tickets to satisfy the needs and demand of customers who are willing to pay more for better services and comfort but not willing to pay for business class fares. This will lead to a price war lastly as airlines company start reduce their fares of premium seat in order to gain market share and stay competitive. Moreover, Qantas and Cathay Pacific upgraded premium products as well. Besides, Singapore Airlines can carry out joint venture or alliance with other airplane industry as their strategy. The Indian government permitted foreign carriers to invest up to 49%(Bahre, 2013). By adopting this strategy, it is easier for Singapore Airlines to penetrate into Indian market as the restriction and barriers of government become relatively low. There will occur the restructuring and re-consolidation of company in the airlines industry as other airlines company will go for similar strategy in order to stay competitive and increase their market share. 6.0 Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning

The Color Purple Essays - The Color Purple, Free Essays, Term Papers

The Color Purple Essays - The Color Purple, Free Essays, Term Papers The Color Purple Gender Roles The Color Purple Gender roles play a very important role throughout the Color Purple. Each character in this book are very different from each other. They guide one another through life and help each other figure out who they really are. Sophia and Shug both influence Celie, who is skinny, weak, and dependent of others, and we see her role change throughout the novel. Celie who is weak and submissive strives to be like Shug. Shug's independence and self reliance has a major impact on Celie. Shug teaches Celie to be her own self, and start by introducing Celie to her sexuality although it is with a woman. I dont know nothin bout it, I say to Shug. I dont know much she say. (Walker 118) Shug and Celies relationship progressed, and she learned to stand up for herself as a woman. Over dinner, we watched Celie become an independent woman who stands up against Mr._________ who abuses her and forces her to be his slave. You a lowdown dog is what you is. Whats wrong, I say. Its time to leave you and enter into the Creation. And your dead body is just the welcome mat I need. (207) This is an example that clearly shows Celie has respect for herself, and symbolizes her growth as a human being. Sophia is a strong woman who is willing to sacrifice her life just to be treated equal. She fights hard for it, but is discriminated by Harpo and Mr.___________. She is forced to believe that men are superior, that women exist only to serve men, and have and take care of their children. Not only is Sophia taken advantage of, but Mr.___________ admits that he beats her only because she is a woman. (23) Sophia decides to leave Harpo in seek of a better life which is a big example of her battle for superiority of the female gender in the world.

The Level of Service Inventory-Revised in Corrections Research Paper

The Level of Service Inventory-Revised in Corrections - Research Paper Example Using this tool, the government and other officials reduce cases of recidivism of certain offences in the society. In addition, through this tool various corrective institutions devise appropriate corrective measures and treatment practices for their inmates. LSI-R is a validated and recognized risk assessment tool that is highly efficient in identifying problem areas in various offenders’ lives. As a result, this tool helps reduce offender’s risk of recidivism. This quantitative survey tool offers offenders’ attributes and problems that are efficient in making vital decisions about relevant supervision and treatment method to be adopted. Furthermore, this instrument is useful in the allocation of various resources that are valid in solving the identified problems. Moreover, The Level of Service Inventory-Revised is a 54-item instrument, which is crucial and useful in assessing offenders across a range of 10 domains (Holsinger, Lowenkamp and Latessa 331). These areas are known to be closely related. This tool involves corrective measure such as prisons rehabilitative intervention that is useful in reducing the probability of offender ever engaging in crime. This practice is not complete without trained assessors. The se assessors examine offenders through interviews and validate the information and data collected through relevant external sources. The overall score from the structured interview and research is then used actuarially to associate the likelihood of reoccurrence of a behavior (Flores et al. 534). The last domain score is the most important since it is used to identify the most promising corrective measure for offenders to reduce and totally eliminate any chances of reoccurrence of a behavior. Due to its efficiency in assessing and predicting the probability of future reoccurrence of behavior, this tool is useful in

Motivation in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation in the Workplace - Research Paper Example According to Maslow’s theory on the five levels of employee’s needs, these would be physiological, safety, social, ego, and self-actualizing. In this theory, he put emphasis on the need to satisfy the lower level needs first before the higher levels to get utmost motivation at work (K., & of, y. t. (1987)). Thus, this goes to show that one needs to work on physiological needs first before one reaches self-actualization which is the highest motivational factor in the workplace. To be able to understand the theory more, let us apply this in a more practical term by getting to know what really is one’s goal for work. Practically, people work to earn money (Heathfield, M.(n.d.)). This is because of the fact that to be able to get motivated at work, one needs to see how work provides for their family and loved one’s such as food, home, leisure, and etc which are physiological needs that man need to be satisfied with. However, though this is one thing that easil y motivates one to go on each day working, making money as your center inspiration for work will not get you motivated for long especially when things go wrong at work or you feel like you are not getting the compensation that you deserve which is unavoidable in the work place. That is why, the key to getting a more powerful motivation at work is from something that you would not rely on anyone to give you, such as perhaps your passion and love for what you do or the self-fulfillment you get from doing what you do best at work. Thus, this goes to show that motivation in the workplace really begins with self, loving the career path you have chosen which is something that will give you every reason to go to work every day. However, there are other factors that would contribute to being motivated at work which will enable you to stay happy in your chosen job. Some of which are to feel belongingness with your peers at work and to have a great relationship with them which will make work seem a lot lighter, the opportunity of growth and learning, and leadership opportunities where you are able to set goals and have a team support it (Heathfield, M.(n.d.)). We all know that a part of man’s nature is to be able to feel belongingness to a group, have that certain kind of support system, and to be less of an island at work which will make more of an interesting routine. Indeed, aside from relying on self to get you motivated at work by choosing to do something that you love is to get motivation from your work environment and the people that surrounds you. Another side of the work towards getting utmost motivation on the so called job routine everyone is in would now rely on one’s boss or manager. This is because of the fact that one of the people in the workplace that really has an effect to every employee’s performance and attitude towards work is the boss (Employee motivation: Motivation in the workplace- theory and practice. (n.d.)). We all know that each boss would give you a distinct kind of relationship and training which would affect greatly on how you are at work. Thus, we get to know the reality of the need to have motivation programs in the workplace to help people work altogether for a certain goal where the best way to start for bosses to be able to do so is to understand human nature itself. How? Well, as human needs are a huge part of human nature, one

XY Department Of Software Projects

XY Department Of Software Projects The initial budget of XY Department has 2.3 million pounds requested for implementation of new computer systems of XY department of the federal government, but they decided for work around and spent only 1.5 million pounds due to the shortage of funds. A project was scoped and planned within the budget, by setting goals for implementation of software and hardware across 87 sites and the projected date if completion is 30th June 2010. The steering committee of the project was established with all members of XY department CEO as the sponsors and managers belong to the individual departments as the original business case had some risks that were also included as the part of the project plan. A company called Good Programmes grabs the opportunity to implement software and hardware systems for XY Department, as it was its biggest client in the region. Good Programmers Company initially implemented new versions of the softwares after consulting with different individual project managers wh o accommodate requested features. Though Good Programmes developing the new versions of the software and hardware systems, all the XY department and the steering committee identified some problems with the software and decided to acquire system testers for future versions. Because of the over head of the departments the system testers were not available to identify the problems in software systems. The new CEO has been appointed after the existing CEO and Finance manager had been removed, who are involved when the original project was scoped and commenced. CEO is been advised for 185,000 pounds more needed for completion of this project and which is not in his current budget and he is not sure what aspects have been implemented, and how much spent for which parts from the original scope of the project as he cant see any reports or documentation available, scope changes schedule or the budget. ASSESSMENT REPORT ON CURRENT PROJECT: The initial budget 2.3 million pounds requested for implementation of new computer systems of XY department of the federal government, but they decided for work around and spent only 1.5 million pounds due to the shortage of funds. A project was scoped and planned within the budget, by setting goals for implementation of software and hardware across 87 sites and the projected date if completion is 30th June 2010. The steering committee of the project was established with all members of XY department CEO as the sponsors and managers belong to the individual departments as the original business case had some risks that were also included as the part of the project plan. A company called Good Programmes grabs the opportunity to implement software and hardware systems for XY Department, as it was its biggest client in the region. Good Programmers Company initially implemented new versions of the softwares after consulting with different individual project managers who accommodate request ed features. Though Good Programmes developing the new versions of the software and hardware systems, all the XY department and the steering committee identified some problems with the software and decided to acquire system testers for future versions. Because of the over head of the departments the system testers were not available to identify the problems in software systems. The new CEO has been appointed after the existing CEO and Finance manager had been removed, who are involved when the original project was scoped and commenced. CEO is been advised for 185,000 pounds more needed for completion of this project and which is not in his current budget and he is not sure what aspects have been implemented, and how much spent for which parts from the original scope of the project as he cant see any reports or documentation available, scope changes schedule or the budget. Thus, the original project scope and plan with specific milestones for implementation of latest software and hardware systems has not been achieved in the given time lines and the agreed budget due to the lack of anticipation of department represented managers and deficiency of project management skills. COMPARE ASSESSMENT WITH SOUND PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLANNING PRACTICES OVER CHANGE CONTROL PLANNING: From the given scenario of the XY Department of the federal government has not been followed standard practices of change request management process, due to that this case will go into the never ending loop. Therefore, the following project managing practices shall give more confident on change control and planning. A formal request of a change is called a Change Request, which should be documented. Objective of the Change Request: Study the adverse Impact of change minimize it Create maintain a Change Management process Prevent Unauthorized changes Prepare Change ( Back out) Plans Post Implementation Reviews of Changes Maintain a record of all changes Change types have been classified as below: Standard changes Emergency changes Request for Change (RFCs) Change Classification Prioritization Change Models Forward Schedule of Changes Projected Service Availability Back Out Plan Change Advisory Board (CAB) CAB/Emergency Committee Standard Changes: These are the common changes that follow an accomplished procedure and do not disturb current running services. For example: Updating the Anti-Virus software is a standard Change. Emergency Changes: These are critical to an organization and have to be implemented on emergency bases. These are prone to failure. Request for Change (RFCs): These are the type of incidents, upgrades to the infrastructure or changes in the business requirements generate the need for a Request For Change (RFC). Change Classification Prioritization: here we can classify and plan the changes in order of their impact and urgency. Change Models: These are The predefined for resolving the known type and complexity. Automated as far as possible. Maintain scalability to create new models. Forward Schedule of Changes (FSC): Contains details of all approved changes and their implementation dates for an agreed period. Detailed short term schedules and less detailed for longer term planning. Projected Service Availability (PSA): To determine the best time for a change implementation Both the FSC and PSA are agreed with the customers Back Out Plan: It is executed when if the Change cannot happen as per plan Usually but not necessarily the typical back out plan is to bring the systems back to original state it was in before the change started Change Advisory Board (CAB): CAB approves the Changes after assessing and prioritizing the RFCs. CAB members should have sound technical knowledge and good business perspective. CAB/Emergency Committee: This team targets to review only urgent changes Few members required (typically Senior Managers from concerned dept in the given Case) Availability after shift hours Change Management Process Flow: Back out plan Activities: Record Request For Change Review Request For Change Assess Evaluate Change 7 Rs of Change Authorize Change Issue Change Plan (to R D Team) Support/Coordinate Change Implementation Post Change Review 7 Rs of Change Who RAISED it What is REASON for change What is the RETURN expected from change What could be the RISKS involved in change Which RESOURCES are needed to implement change Who (which RD Team) is RESPONSIBLE for build, test implement change Is there (or what) any RELATIONSHIP between this change other changes Change Manager Chairperson of the CAB Filtering and accepting RFCs Primary Responsibility of planning and coordinating implementation of changes Obtaining authorization for change Reviewing Implemented Changes Convening emergency CAB meetings Generating Change Management reports May have Change coordinators to support CAB Member Belongs to the CAB and participates in all CAB meetings Helps in reviewing all RFCs to estimate impact Participates in Scheduling Changes If the good programmers followed the above change control planning methodologies they could have resolved all the issues in the project and deploy hardware and software components successfully in the given time frame. [4] STEPS RECOMMENDED FOR THE PRESENT PROJECT TO A CLOSE: From the given case, due to the poor project management techniques the project comes into a loop, which never ends. The following recommend steps bring the project to close. Specify Scope and objectives of the project Specify the deliverables Define Project planning Internal/ External team communication Bug/Issue/Service request tracking and progress reports Change management Risk management Initially, the Good Programmes should know the objectives of this project. They should define requirements of the XY Department. Determining the real objectives will help them to plan the project. Also the scope of the project should be defined the amount of work which needs performing, and the total number of resources required to deploy the hardware software installations across 87 sites. And understand who the stake holders are, and what they expect to deliver also who the testers and enlist their support. After defining the scope and objectives must have a review with stakeholders and agree with them through Project Steering Committees, and including Project Manager, Department chief, and Department managers, testers in the committees. The main drawback of the given project scenario is they have not employed a Project Manager, which is Essential for best project management practices. Good Programmes needs to define what the project is been delivered. As this project scope is to change the outdated computer systems and implementing the latest hardware and equally software around 87 sites, they must determine what real things will be delivered and document with enough detail to enable someone else to provide them efficiently. Also, all these definitions of the deliverables must review and accept by the project steering committee. Good Programmes must define what different ways were require for producing all deliver techniques known as all sites information and Breakdown Structures of each site. They need to find the approximate time and puts the effort that is required in every activity like implementation of Hardware Software on each site also involve the complete project team in estimating how long all activities will take. Set milestones which indicate deadline dates during the project. Also include this into the project plan, and key stakeholders should review the project plan and agree. All the other departments of project planning are unprofitable unless there is no communication between internal or external teams. All the team members must know their role responsibility on the project and every team member should know the scope, objective and milestones of the project. Also it is ideal that every member should know all kind of problems hitting the project. Project Manager should share all kind of information of the project with each and every member of the project. After the project is kick-off, on each and every stage project manager should compare the actual progress with the estimated progress in terms of work and budget. If any large variations in the scope and actual, manager and other key stake holders of the XY Department should take corrective actions on each level. Change is common in any project environment. However it should be handled in smooth way to implement those changes. When scope OR Deliverables of the project needs changing, the project manager should identify the changes which only possible in the given time deadlines and Budget. Else if manager accepting all the changes, project will never end in the given time frame or budget. Good Programmes manager needs to consult with various managers of the departments to accommodate only possible requested new features instead of all. Also manager should be in a position to incorporate the emergency changes in immediately and new features in future releases as the budget defined only for work around and not as estimated. Not managing changes effectively is often a reason why projects fail, so Manager is the key here to manage Change Requests. The outcome of the project is massively effect with these risks. For example if any of the resource is lack of the implementation of the Hardware or software then possibly we miss the deadlines. And there should be plan defined to overcome the risks, and identify as soon as possible. When we have more risks in the project, numbering or assigning the priorities of the risks will help. For Example, If an employee successfully implement the new Hard ware and software in one site, but the problem with one specific component of the Hardware which is know should marked as Low risk category, same way we can define medium and critical risks, Hence everyone would know the total risks in the project with their criticality, including the team members and key stake holders. In order to bring the project to a close the above 7 project management techniques the project will be closed in the given time frame and budget. IMPROVEMENT STEPS RECOMMENDED FOR FUTURE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: The following improvements need to be implementing to the XY Departments to get the fruitful results in future projects. The entire project needs to be categorized for different phases like: Planning Phase Execution Phase Close packed phase There are many phases in which every phase has there own review process and also the end. The important milestone event is been marked in the starting or at the end of every event with some of the series of its events where the main thing is to complete the major stage. For a successful project we need to meet some criterias. They are: Impermanent: The project has a beginning and the end where the project has a purpose. Uniquely: Though projects are similar but the planning might have their own elements which are same or else different. The computer system needs to implement the hardware for the project management the best technique we need to apply for activity to meet the definition of the project. The actual market plan. The budget needs to be corporate. The human resources needs developing and upgrade of policies and manually. The customer related management system is used to design and install. There will be over hauling of response of bid system. The annual audit needs to be prepared. The consultant needs to be engaged and been hired. SCOPE: The project is to be defined, the audience need to be targeted, the customer and the recipient also needs to be defined. STAKEHOLDERS: The project is been affected by the individuals and also the organisations GOALS: Goals need to be return clearly and in detail where the stack holders need to sign off before the execution is commenced to avoiding the confusion further. PLANNING: Doing a project without a plan is impossible because for controlling a project we need a plan which should be executed by the people who needs to involve through out the project. The documentation needs to be proper and accurate as it is the important task for the project management. Stack holders need to be signed off in the project plan in the meeting. The stack holders need to sign the change order form in which the range is being recorded to the project. The statement need to be developed for the large projects where the objectives are being established. The customer satisfaction of the project is the primary objective which should be written and is being placed in the project. The main objective is to contain the actual deadlines is being specified within some months. ESTIMATING TIME AND COST: To reduce the risk the time is to be reduced based on the available person who works on the project and arranges the meeting and other required things. Account chart is used for tracking the labour costs which results reducing the time to record the delay of accuracy. The Gantt chart is more useful for seeing the responsible tasks. SCHEDULING: It considers both the task duration and the work must be done in sequence. The work is broken down into levels which need to develop and estimated sufficiently to be intended accurately. The plain should not be more details where you can manage. As we know Bar chart is equal to Giant chart where bar charts doesnt show inter relations in the work, that dont allow the easy way of analysis of impact of the project in which the activity slips of the software will show the holidays and the vacations of the work extended in order to time access on their impact. ORGANISATION: The organisation needs to have their own structure during their plan and the project needs to have perfect staff. The project has a structure which is hierarchical disadvantages while running the multi discipline projects. Project management has matrix which is synonymous this deal with many kinds of disciplines. The success of this matrix needs to require a very good skills which are inter personal on all parts of the managers. PROJECT MANAGER: A leader not only looks like a manager but he needs the skills of the people which are important. The skills of them are negotiable the flexibility are very important attributes. Any project doesnt work according to the plan where the project manager needs some adjustments in it. The problems need to be resolved territory. To avoid this conflict the technical problems will only make them to build and get faster. Here the communications is very critical for the project manager who often bridges a gap in between the technical stack holders and stack holders who are non technical. Project manager needs to be friendly with everybody and he should not be friend for anyone if he needs to lead the project in correct path. The decision is very important for deciding the time, cost and budget. NON FINANCIAL INFORMATION: This includes man different things namely he defining of the task, sequence of the task, task scheduling, task planning resource for all the people who are well equipped, planning of the organisation, identification of the risk, planning of the quality, task staffing, task reporting, solving of task problems and finally the task change control. FINANCIAL INFORMATION: projects generally have a financial factor where the limitation of cost estimates the budgets and shows how to have control over the cost. Project manager needs to interact with the organisation and also with outside agencies regarding the resources after that they will be the stack holders for the project. In this situation the manager has independence to manage and reports when they use which would be in their control throughout the project. [5] [6] STEPS RECOMMENDED IN SELECTING A PROJECT MANAGER IN FUTURE: There are 10 steps for a project manager to follow for the future development of the project. INSPIRES A SHARED VISION: A project leader will be effective when he has a vision of what he doing and the ability to over come the problems. The change is been able to draw the boundaries. A leader needs to have lifts up that gives the reason for the vision and also the spirit to change. The leaders visionary enables the people feel very real stake in their project. The people empower the experience vision that explores the vision which means that their jobs are part of future vision in the organisation. GOOD COMMUNICATOR: The people who have the ability for communicating in all levels namely the second most important skill are for the project managers and also the team members. The leader needs to have the clear communication regarding the goals, performances, responsibilities and have more expectations with feed backs. There is a great value deal which places openness directly. The project leader is linked with the large organisation. The leader needs to have the ability of effective use of persuasion when it is necessary for ensuring the team success of the project. The effective communication of the project leader will support the team individual by achieving and also creating the guidelines that results for achieving the career with advancements of the team members. INTEGRITY: The project leader needs to remember some important things for setting the team. The leadership will be good but the demands need to be committed and the demo of the ethical practises needs to be there. The ethical behaviour of these type pf standards is well rewarded by the project leaders based on their responsibility and practice. The leadership needs to be motivated by serving the self interest of the team. The integrity of the leadership represents a set of values which has less values to share, and the behaviour need to be consistent with all the values that is dedicated honestly with team members. The leader need to be like a walks to the talk which brings the trust in process earns. ENTHUSIASM: All the leaders should have a plain and simple character but should not have a negative thought which brings the public down. We need the leaders to be enthusiastic and needs a attitude that makes us to step into a invigorate journey by that we needs to feel very lively. We usually follow the people who have a attitude of doing but not like the giving 200 useless reasons that doesnt work. The leaders need to be enthusiastic for their commitment towards the goals that they optimise. Leader ship is something which emerges and also expresses the confidence of their commitment towards the project and also for others who wants to share their optimistic area of expectations. This enthusiasm is very much contagious and also needs to have a effective leaders who know this very well. EMPATHY: Empathy is a word which is similar to the word sympathy. These two looks like similar but sympathy is a word according to the subject principle that absorbs other feelings and is protected into that object which has less concern towards the reality and also the validity of that special object. Empathy is another word that exists when a object is separated by the individual that entitles others feelings and also emotions. COMPETENCE: The project leader needs to have a technical ability in the core area of technology business. Project management has a continues recognition in the field itself which will be chosen based on the ability of the successful lead rather on technical as per the past. It is having the track record to win the way which is known as competent. The skills needed for the leadership is to have the ability for challenge, inspiring capability, model to encourage leaders for seeing a capable leader. ABILITY TO DELEGATE TASKS: the relationship between the project leader and the team needs to be essential. By using the actions we can demonstrate the trust for checking and having control on the work to delegate and allow people to participate. All the individuals who cannot able to trust the other people often fail like leaders and remain like small managers who will end up their work by themselves. According to project management always a good leader will be little bit lazy and being interested in some perspectives. COOL UNDER PRESSURE: In this world all the projects are delivered according to time, budget overcoming all the major obstacles or problems. Now one is living in the perfect world which doesnt have problems. A leader needs to have a hard attitude that needs to handle all these problems. When they face a event which is stressful and considered to be interesting will feel to influence and the outcomes looks like an opportunity. Out of all these uncertainty the change in chaos will rise up the leaders to articulate the image of future that pulls the project to close. TEAM-BUILDING SKILLS: It is defined as the person who is strong provides the team to hold together for the general purpose that is a right work. For the progress of the team the group needs strangers who have single unit of cohesiveness for the leader who understands the process that is required for transformation. Every one needs to know exactly the style of leadership during every stage throughout the developing team. Here the leader needs to understand about the team workers styles and should know how to maintain and be a capital throughout the time and handles the problem. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS: The leadership should be effective and needs to know how to share the problem and handle the responsibilities in the team that usually expect from the project leaders who have skill of excellent way to solving the problem by themselves. They have fresh and creative type of response that is heard now as opportunities which are not much concerned by others performances. [1][2][3] ADVICE GIVEN TO C.E.O: Every CEO need to follow some steps for the successful project. There needs to be a continuous gradual improvement in the project. The CEO will be happy rarely because among them there needs to be a better performance. There needs to be a obsession for lifelong learning that is read constantly by attending few seminars in groups and join that which inspires and also educate. The strategically ability is to think and perform the plans effectively which focus on both long and short term strategy that is executed and also keeps the company moving in better direction. The ability and desire is to be true towards the servant leader. This helps the team members to work for better tools, to improve the technology, the work need to be efficient with good clearer goals. In return the employees have the resource to view the employee success. CONCLUSION: Based on the current case study the project management is not completely successful due to the fewer funds from the government and the Good Programmers need to show their ability to serve 87 sites for all the systems with all the techniques that gives better performance for the XY Department.